Robert Frost
is one of those famous poet who has a modern attitude towards nature. He is called poet of nature. The 19th century poets
picture nature as benevolent and kindly with a, "holy plan" and
emphasised the harmony, the oneness, of man and nature. Modern science,
on the other hand, conceives of nature as merely matter, soul-less and
mechanical, and so entirely different from, and alien, to man. Frost,
too, is constantly emphasising this, 'otherness' of nature. He is a
great poet of boundaries, and he shows at every step that some fence or boundary ever separates man from nature. This is what he teaches in poems like Most of It. The
rural world, the world of nature into which he withdraws is not a world
of dreams, a pleasant fanciful Arcadia, but harsher and more demanding
than the urban world. As Lionel Trilling
stresses, the world which he depicts is a terrifying one, more
terrifying than the urban world, depicted by poets who are generally
regarded as modern. Frost represents, "the terrible actualities of the
life in a new way. I think of Robert Frost as at terrifying poet…….The
universe that he conceives is a terrifying universe. Read the poem
called Design and see if you sleep the better for it. Read Neither Out Far Nor in Deep, which often seems to be the most perfect
poem of our time, and see if you are warned by anything in it except
the energy with which emptiness is perceived." The same grim reality, Trilling goes
on to say, is displayed in Frost's characters: "Talk of the
disintegration and sloughing off of the old consciousness! The people of
Robert Frost's poems have done that with a vengeance………In the interests
of what other great thing these people have made this rejection, we
cannot know for certain. But we can guess that it was in the interest of
truth, of some truth, of some truth of the self. They affirm this
of themselves: that they are what they are, that this is their truth,
and that if the truth be bare, as truth often is, it is far better than a
lie. For me the process by which they arrive at that truth is always
terrifying." One of the great virtues of Trilling's speech is that in it
he has made clear the essential way in which Frost's poetry reflects
modern life. Frost does not depict the outward events and scenery of
urban life, but the central facts of twentieth century experience, the
uncertainty and painful sense of loss, are there and seem, if anything,
more bleakly apparent in that their social and economic manifestations
have been stripped away. "More
important, Trilling shows us that the terror Frost expresses is the
terror which comes and must come with the birth of something new. It is the mark of a genuinely modern poetry.
Nature possesses a great place in Frost’s poetry. Most
of his poems use nature imagery and devices. Taking nature as a background, he
usually begins a poem with an observation of something in nature and then moves
toward a connection to some human situation or concern. His treatment of nature
is different from other nature poets: he is neither a transcendentalist nor a
pantheist. Therefore, his use of nature is the single most misunderstood
element of his poetry. Frost himself said over and over,
"I am not a nature poet. There is almost always a
person in my poems."
(frostfriends.org)
The elements and settings of Frost’s poetry are
natural. Wikipedia comments on his setting,
“His work
frequently employed settings from rural life in New
England in the early twentieth century.”(wikipedia).
The
rural scenes and landscapes, homely farmers, and the natural world are used to
illustrate a psychological struggle with everyday experience in the context of everyday American life and psychology as well as
his personal. Primarily, the names of some of his poems indicate his treatment
of nature: “Mowing” “The Tuft of Flowers” “Mending Wall” “Home Burial” “After
Apple-Picking” “The Wood-Pile” “The Road Not Taken” “Birches” “Fire and Ice” “Stopping
by Woods on a Snowy Evening” , “The Pasture”
Many people assume that the speaker in Frosts poems is
Frost himself. But it is actually a brilliant artistic creation, a “persona” or
mask which conforms with the landscape of his poems. The editor of Northon
Anthology in his introduction to Frost’s selection states that
he worked individual poems into a larger unity by presenting
in them a recurrent speaker, a wise country person living close to nature and
approaching life in a spirit of compassionate realism.
Thus Frost’s depiction of his
landscape is very much realistic. The beauty of Nature and obligations of human
life are treated by Frost as two aspects of poet’s one whole experience. In the
following lines the poet describes the helplessness of the poet who has no time
because of his social commitments, though he has been almost spell-bound by the
beauty and the mystery of the snow which has filled woods:
The woods are lovely, dark, and deep,
But I have promises to keep,
[Stopping by Woods on a Snowy Evening]
For
this reason, Encyclopædia Britannica writes about him,
He is highly
regarded for his realistic depictions of rural life [and his command of
American colloquial speech.]
Robert Frost’s poetry is notable for its descriptive
power which runs through imagery drawn from natural phenomenon. Schneider says
“The descriptive power of Mr. Frost is to me the most
wonderful thing in his poetry. A snowfall, a spring thaw, a bending tree, a
valley mist, a brook, these are brought into the experience of the reader”.
(Quoted in Wagner-Martin, 97)
Follow
the following images:
“And life is too much like a pathless wood” (Birches)
“The world of hoary grass” (After Apple Picking)
“A leaping tongue of bloom” (The Tuft of Flower)
In many of his poems, Frost
uses nature as metaphor. He observes
something in nature and says this is like that. He leads you to make a
connection, but never forces it on the reader. Frost(1946) himself writes about his use of metaphor,
“There are
many other things I have found myself saying about poetry, but the chiefest of
these is that it is metaphor, saying one thing and meaning another, saying one
thing in terms of another, the pleasure of ulteriority.”
Such
a metaphoric poem from nature is “After Apple-Picking”, about picking apples.
But with its ladders pointing “[t]oward
heaven still,” with its great weariness, and with its rumination on the
harvest, the coming of winter, and inhuman sleep, the reader feels certain that
the poem harbors some “ulteriority.” Read the following lines from the poem,
And there’s a
barrel that I didn’t fill
Beside it,
and there may be two or three
Apples I
didn’t pick upon some bough.
Actually,
the metaphor of the lines has some similarity with our poet Tagore in Sonar Tori,
Frost’s active interaction or encounter between a
human speaker and a natural subject or phenomenon culminates in profound realizations
or revelations have a variety of results, including self-knowledge, deeper
understanding of the human condition, and increased insight into the
metaphysical world. For instance, a day of harvesting fruit leads to a new
understanding of life’s final sleep, or death, in “After Apple-Picking” (1915).
“it’s like his/ Long sleep”
But, Frost shows that the indifferent nature could be
both generous and malicious to the human world. His attitude is stoical, honest
and accepting. Nature helps people reach for new insights, but nature itself
does not provide answers. Tuten (2000) comments on Frosts nature,
“Nature
exists outside the Self, is formed there and has existence beyond the
idealistic notion that thought determines reality.”
Actually
Frost’s nature is different from Wordsworth who sees nature as
“The
anchor of my purest thoughts, the nurse,
The guide, the guardian of my
heart, and soul
Of all my moral being.” (TINTERN ABBEY, 109-111)